YampaとOpenGL(GLUT)で簡単なシューティングゲームを作成する―付録

１．データ型

シューティングゲームの主要な部分の説明は終わったので、ここでは、このゲームのために定義したデータ型やタイプを説明する。

プログラムは次のようになっている。

module Types where

import FRP.Yampa

type Pos = (Double, Double)
type Vel = (Double, Double)

type Input = ()

type Logic = Event ()
     
data ObjEvents = ObjEvents
  { oeInput :: Input,
    oeLogic :: Logic
  } deriving (Show)

data State = State {position' :: Pos, velocity :: Vel}
  deriving (Show)

data ObjOutput = ObjOutput
  { ooKind          :: ObjectKind,
    ooState         :: State,
    ooKillRequest   :: Event (),
    ooSpawnRequests :: Event [Types.Object]
  }

defaultObjOutput :: ObjOutput
defaultObjOutput = ObjOutput
  { ooKind          = undefined,
    ooState         = undefined,
    ooKillRequest   = NoEvent,
    ooSpawnRequests = NoEvent
  }

data ObjectKind = Stone | Bird deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)

type Object = SF ObjEvents ObjOutput

この中で、データ型ObjEventsは発生したイベントを記憶するときに使用する。レコード構文になっていて、oeInputは入力デバイスからのイベントを、oeLogicは登場者間での干渉により発生したイベントを記憶する。

データ型ObjOutputは、サイクル終了時に出力される登場者状態を記憶するためのもので、やはり、レコード構文になっている。ooKindは登場者の種類（石や鳥）、ooStateは登場者の位置と速度、ooKillRequestは登場者の退場、ooSpawnRequestsは登場者の登場を表すフィールドである。

defaultObjOutputはObjOutputのインスタンスである。

２．識別リスト

識別リストは、Yampaを用いて作成されたスペースインベーダで定義されているものをそのまま用いた。プログラムは次のようになっている。

module IdentityList (
    ILKey,        -- Identity-list key type
    IL,           -- Identity-list, abstract. Instance of functor.
    emptyIL,      -- :: IL a
    insertIL_,    -- :: a -> IL a -> IL a
    insertIL,     -- :: a -> IL a -> (ILKey, IL a)
    listToIL,     -- :: [a] -> IL a
    keysIL,       -- :: IL a -> [ILKey]
    elemsIL,      -- :: IL a -> [a]
    assocsIL,     -- :: IL a -> [(ILKey, a)]
    deleteIL,     -- :: ILKey -> IL a -> IL a
    mapIL,        -- :: ((ILKey, a) -> b) -> IL a -> IL b
    filterIL,     -- :: ((ILKey, a) -> Bool) -> IL a -> IL a
    mapFilterIL,  -- :: ((ILKey, a) -> Maybe b) -> IL a -> IL b
    lookupIL,     -- :: ILKey -> IL a -> Maybe a
    findIL,       -- :: ((ILKey, a) -> Bool) -> IL a -> Maybe a
    mapFindIL,    -- :: ((ILKey, a) -> Maybe b) -> IL a -> Maybe b
    findAllIL,    -- :: ((ILKey, a) -> Bool) -> IL a -> [a]
    mapFindAllIL  -- :: ((ILKey, a) -> Maybe b) -> IL a -> [b]
) where

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Data type definitions
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

type ILKey = Int

-- Invariants:
-- * Sorted in descending key order. (We don't worry about
--   key wrap around).
-- * Keys are NOT reused
data IL a = IL { ilNextKey :: ILKey, ilAssocs :: [(ILKey, a)] }


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Class instances
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

instance Functor IL where
    fmap f (IL {ilNextKey = nk, ilAssocs = kas}) =
        IL {ilNextKey = nk, ilAssocs = [ (i, f a) | (i, a) <- kas ]}


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Constructors
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

emptyIL :: IL a
emptyIL = IL {ilNextKey = 0, ilAssocs = []}


insertIL_ :: a -> IL a -> IL a
insertIL_ a il = snd (insertIL a il)


insertIL :: a -> IL a -> (ILKey, IL a)
insertIL a (IL {ilNextKey = k, ilAssocs = kas}) = (k, il') where
    il' = IL {ilNextKey = k + 1, ilAssocs = (k, a) : kas}


listToIL :: [a] -> IL a
listToIL as = IL {ilNextKey = length as,
                  ilAssocs = reverse (zip [0..] as)} -- Maintain invariant!


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Additional selectors
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

assocsIL :: IL a -> [(ILKey, a)]
assocsIL = ilAssocs


keysIL :: IL a -> [ILKey]
keysIL = map fst . ilAssocs


elemsIL :: IL a -> [a]
elemsIL = map snd . ilAssocs


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Mutators
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

deleteIL :: ILKey -> IL a -> IL a
deleteIL k (IL {ilNextKey = nk, ilAssocs = kas}) =
    IL {ilNextKey = nk, ilAssocs = deleteHlp kas}
    where
        deleteHlp []                                   = []
        deleteHlp kakas@(ka@(k', _) : kas) | k > k'    = kakas
                                           | k == k'   = kas
                                           | otherwise = ka : deleteHlp kas


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Filter and map operations
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- These are "identity-preserving", i.e. the key associated with an element
-- in the result is the same as the key of the element from which the
-- result element was derived.

mapIL :: ((ILKey, a) -> b) -> IL a -> IL b
mapIL f (IL {ilNextKey = nk, ilAssocs = kas}) =
    IL {ilNextKey = nk, ilAssocs = [(k, f ka) | ka@(k,_) <- kas]}


filterIL :: ((ILKey, a) -> Bool) -> IL a -> IL a
filterIL p (IL {ilNextKey = nk, ilAssocs = kas}) =
    IL {ilNextKey = nk, ilAssocs = filter p kas}


mapFilterIL :: ((ILKey, a) -> Maybe b) -> IL a -> IL b
mapFilterIL p (IL {ilNextKey = nk, ilAssocs = kas}) =
    IL {
        ilNextKey = nk,
        ilAssocs = [(k, b) | ka@(k, _) <- kas, Just b <- [p ka]]
    }


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Lookup operations
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

lookupIL :: ILKey -> IL a -> Maybe a
lookupIL k il = lookup k (ilAssocs il)


findIL :: ((ILKey, a) -> Bool) -> IL a -> Maybe a
findIL p (IL {ilAssocs = kas}) = findHlp kas
    where
        findHlp []                = Nothing
        findHlp (ka@(_, a) : kas) = if p ka then Just a else findHlp kas


mapFindIL :: ((ILKey, a) -> Maybe b) -> IL a -> Maybe b
mapFindIL p (IL {ilAssocs = kas}) = mapFindHlp kas
    where
        mapFindHlp []         = Nothing
        mapFindHlp (ka : kas) = case p ka of
                                    Nothing     -> mapFindHlp kas
                                    jb@(Just _) -> jb


findAllIL :: ((ILKey, a) -> Bool) -> IL a -> [a]
findAllIL p (IL {ilAssocs = kas}) = [ a | ka@(_, a) <- kas, p ka ]


mapFindAllIL:: ((ILKey, a) -> Maybe b) -> IL a -> [b]
mapFindAllIL p (IL {ilAssocs = kas}) = [ b | ka <- kas, Just b <- [p ka] ]